Web Programming using PHP, Semester 4(2020), Model examination, July 2022

 1. HTML tags contain three main parts: opening tag, content and closing tag. But

some

HTML tags are unclosed tags. Container tag consists of opening

tag+content+closing tag. While empty tag is tag without content or a closing

tag. Container tags are used to enclose texts, images etc.

2. The new operator allows the  developers to create an instance of a user-defined

object type or of one of the built-in object types that has a constructor function.

The new operator is an operator which denotes a request for memory allocation

on the Heap. If sufficient memory is available, new operator initializes the memory

and returns the address of the newly allocated and initialized memory to the

pointer variable. The new operator is used in Javascsript to create new objects. It

can also be used to create an array object.

3. Cookies are files that hold information about you, your web browser and your

behavior on the internet. They are tiny files stored on your PC or device, which

can be used by websites or web apps to tailor your online experience.To set a

cookie in PHP,the setcookie() function is used. The setcookie() function needs to

be called prior to any output generated by the script otherwise the cookie will not

be set. Syntax : setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, security);

4. Variables are used to store data, like string of text, numbers, etc. Variable values

can change over the course of a script. PHP automatically converts the variable to

the correct data type, depending on its value. In PHP, a variable is declared

using $ sign followed by variable name. A variable name must start with a letter or

the underscore character. A variable name cannot start with a number. A variable

name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9).

Eg:$var=10;

5. After a database and a table have been created, we can start adding data in them.

Syntax rules to follow:

 The SQL query must be quoted in PHP

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 String values inside the SQL query must be quoted

 Numeric values must not be quoted

 The word NULL must not be quoted

The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a MySQL table:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

6. <input> elements of type password provide a way for the user to securely enter a

password. The element is presented as a one-line plain text editor control in which

the text is obscured so that it cannot be read, usually by replacing each character

with a symbol such as the asterisk ("*") or a dot ("•")

Eg:<input type="password" id="pwd" name="pwd" minlength="8"><br><br>

7. Web servers are used to execute server side scripting. They are basically used

to create dynamic pages. It can also access the file system residing at web

server. Server-side environment that runs on a scripting language is a web-

server. Scripts can be written in any of a number of server-side scripting

language available. It is used to retrieve and generate content for dynamic

pages. It is used to require to download plugins. In this load times are generally

faster than client-side scripting. When you need to store and retrieve information

a database will be used to contain data. It can use huge resources of server. It

reduces client-side computation overhead. Server sends pages to request of

user/client. 

Examples: PHP, Python etc.

8. An array is created using an array() function in PHP. There are basically three

types of arrays in PHP: Indexed or Numeric Arrays: An array with a numeric index

where values are stored linearly. Associative Arrays: An array with a string index

where instead of linear storage, each value can be assigned a specific key.

Eg: <?php

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";

?>

9. HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and columns.

The <table> tag defines an HTML table.An HTML table consists of

one <table> element and one or more <tr>, <th>, and <td> elements.The <tr>

element defines a table row, the <th> element defines a table header, and the

<td> element defines a table cell.

<table>

  <tr>

    <th></th>

    <th></th>

  </tr>

  </table>

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10. mysql_fetch_row()

Fetch a result row as an numeric array

<?php

include('db.php');

$query=mysql_query("select * from tb");

$row=mysql_fetch_row($query);

echo $row[0];

echo $row[1];

echo $row[2];

?>

mysql_fetch_array()

Fetch a result row as an associative array, a numeric array and also it fetches by

both associative & numeric array.

<?php

include('db.php');

$query=mysql_query("select * from tb");

$row=mysql_fetch_array($query);

echo $row['id'];

echo $row['username'];

echo $row['password'];

echo $row[0];

echo $row[1];

echo $row[2];

?>

11. In PHP, there are two functions that are used to put the contents of a file

containing PHP source code into another PHP file. These function are Include()

and Require(). These functions are the same if but they have one difference. The

difference is that the include() function produces a warning, but the script will

continue execution, while the require() function produces a warning and a fatal

error i.e. the script will not continue execution. These two functions are used to

put the data of a file into another PHP file before it is executed by the server. 

Include() Function

The Include() function is used to put data of one PHP file into another PHP file. If

errors occur then the include() function produces a warning but does not stop the

execution of the script i.e. the script will continue to execute.

Require() Function 

The Require() function is also used to put data of one PHP file to another PHP

file. If there are any errors then the require() function produces a warning and a

fatal error and stops the execution of the script i.e. the script will continue to

execute.

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12. A web server is a computer that runs websites. It's a computer program that

distributes web pages as they are requisitioned. The basic objective of the web

server is to store, process and deliver web pages to the users. This

intercommunication is done using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The basic

function of a web server is to host websites and to deliver web content from its

hosted websites over the internet. During the delivery of web pages, web servers

follow a network protocol known as hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP). Web

hosting service providers uses web servers to host multiple websites.

(6 x 3 = 18 Marks)

Section B

Answer any 4 questions. Each question carries 8 marks.

(Write in not less than 2 pages)

13. The String object allows the user to works with a series of characters; it wraps

JavaScript’s string primitive data type with a number of methods. sJavaScript

automatically converts between string primitives and String object.s

Syntax

var val = new String(string);

The String parameter is a series of characters that has been properly encoded.

String Length

slice() Method

substring() Method

substr() Method

14. The font property is a shorthand property for:

 font-style

 font-variant

 font-weight

 font-size/line-height

 font-family

Explain each with example

15. The JavaScript method toString() converts an array to a string of (comma

separated)

array values. The join() method also joins all array elements into a string.

<script>

const fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];

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document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = fruits.toString();

</script>

16. Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do

different things.PHP supports the following data types:

 String

 Integer

 Float (floating point numbers - also called double)

 Boolean

 Array

 Object

 NULL

 Resource

17. Error Report levels

These error report levels are the different types of error the user-defined error

handler can be used for:

Value Constant Description

1 E_ERROR A fatal run-time error. Execution of the script is

stopped

2 E_WARNING A non-fatal run-time error. Execution of the script is

not stopped

8 E_NOTICE A run-time notice. The script found something that

might be an error, but could also happen when

running a script normally

256 E_USER_ERROR A fatal user-generated error. This is like an

E_ERROR, except it is generated by the PHP script

using the function trigger_error()

512 E_USER_WARNING A non-fatal user-generated warning. This is like an

E_WARNING, except it is generated by the PHP script

using the function trigger_error()

1024 E_USER_NOTICE A user-generated notice. This is like an E_NOTICE,

except it is generated by the PHP script using the

function trigger_error()

2048 E_STRICT Not strictly an error.

8191 E_ALL All errors and warnings (E_STRICT became a part of

E_ALL in PHP 5.4)

18. Exceptions are used to change the normal flow of a script if a specified error

occurs. When an exception is triggered:

 The current code state is saved

 The code execution will switch to a predefined (custom) exception handler

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function

 Depending on the situation, the handler may then resume the execution from

the saved code state, terminate the script execution or continue the script

from a different location in the code

proper exception code should include:

1. try - A function using an exception should be in a "try" block. If the exception

does not trigger, the code will continue as normal. However if the exception

triggers, an exception is "thrown"

2. throw - This is how you trigger an exception. Each "throw" must have at least

one "catch"

3. catch - A "catch" block retrieves an exception and creates an object

containing the exception information

19. Alert Box

Use the alert() function to display a message to the user that requires their

attention. This alert box will have the OK button to close the alert box.

alert("HELLO");

Confirm Box

The confirm() function displays a popup message to the user with two

buttons, OK and Cancel. The confirm() function returns true if a user has

clicked on the OK button or returns false if clicked on the Cancel button. 

confirm("Do you want to save changes?")

Prompt Box

The prompt() function takes two string parameters. The first parameter is the

message to be displayed, and the second parameter is the default value

which will be in input text when the message is displayed.

var num = prompt("Please enter a number”);

20. There are two ways the browser (client) can send information to the web server.

 The GET Method

 The POST Method

The GET Method

In PHP, the $_GET variable is used to collect values from HTML forms using

method get.Information sent from an HTML form with the GET method is displayed

in the browser's address bar, and it has a limit on the amount of information to

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send.

Write one example program

The POST Method

In PHP, the $_POST variable is used to collect values from HTML forms using

method post.Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible and has

no limits on the amount of information to send.

Write one example program

The REQUEST Method

The $_REQUEST variable is a variable with the contents of $_GET and $_POST

and $_COOKIE variables.

<?php

//this will stay the same but the method in the form will change to you preference

from GET or POST

($_REQUEST['form name goes here'])

?>

21. Create database 'Employee' and add appropriate fields. Write a PHP script to list

the

details of Employee who got more than 80000 salaries

(4 x 8 = 32 Marks)

Section C

Answer up to 3 questions carrying 15 marks each. However, total marks for this

section should not exceed 30 marks. Marks scored over 30 will be ignored

22. With the help of an example explain each step for accessing the data from a

MySql

Database table?

Explain each step with Example

Create a database

Create a table

Load data into the table

Retrieve data from the table in various ways

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23. CSS element Selector

CSS id Selector

CSS class Selector

CSS Universal Selector

CSS Grouping Selector(Explain each in details with example)

24. Write the syntax and example of each Command: Create, Update, Insert, Delete

And

Select

25. a) branching statements in PHP

 if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

 if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another

code if that condition is false

 if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than two

conditions

 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

Write syntax and Example

b) Loops in PHP

 while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true

 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as

long as the specified condition is true

 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

 for each - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

Write syntax and Example

(Maximum 30 Marks)