UG- S1 BCA, First Internal Examination, Fundamentals of Computer, September 2024

 

1.ALU means… ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

2. Register: A register is a small, fast storage location within the CPU that temporarily holds data and instructions being processed. Registers facilitate quick access to frequently used data during computation.

3. Cache Memory: Cache memory is a high-speed storage layer that temporarily stores frequently accessed data and instructions from the main memory (RAM) so the CPU can retrieve them more quickly. It improves overall processing speed by reducing the time it takes to access data.

 4. Software: Software refers to a set of programs, instructions, or data that a computer uses to perform tasks and operations. It can be categorized into two types: system software (such as operating systems) and application software (such as word processors, games, and databases).

5. Ring Topology: Ring topology is a network configuration in which each device (or node) is connected to two other devices, forming a closed loop or ring. Data travels in one direction around the ring, passing through each device until it reaches its destination.

 

                                                                       (5x 1= 5 Marks)

 

Section B

Answer any 2 questions, each carry 5 marks.

6 Output Devices:
Output devices are hardware components that display or convey the results of computer processing to the user. Some common output devices include:

• Monitor: Displays visual information in the form of text, images, and videos. It is the primary output device.
• Printer: Produces a hard copy of digital documents, such as text, images, or graphics, on paper.
• Speakers: Convert digital audio signals into audible sound for the user to hear.
• Projector: Displays video output by projecting images onto a large screen or surface for presentations or group viewing.
• Headphones: Similar to speakers, but designed for personal use to deliver sound directly to the ears.

7  Comparison Between RAM and ROM:

• RAM (Random Access Memory):
• Type: Volatile memory (data is lost when power is turned off).
• Purpose: Temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU is actively using during operation.
• Speed: Faster than ROM.
• Capacity: Typically larger in size compared to ROM.
• Example: 8 GB or 16 GB RAM in computers or smartphones.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory):
• Type: Non-volatile memory (data is retained even when power is off).
• Purpose: Permanently stores essential data and firmware that is needed for booting and basic system functions.
• Speed: Slower than RAM.
• Capacity: Typically smaller in size compared to RAM.
• Example: BIOS in computers.

8 Functions of an Operating System (OS):

• Process Management: The OS manages processes by allocating CPU time, handling scheduling, and ensuring that each process runs smoothly without conflicts.
• Memory Management: It efficiently manages the computer's memory, allocating and deallocating memory as needed by different programs to optimize performance.
• File System Management: The OS manages the creation, deletion, and organization of files on storage devices, ensuring data is stored and retrieved effectively.
• Device Management: It controls and coordinates the use of hardware devices, such as printers, keyboards, and monitors, allowing them to work with applications.
• Security and Access Control: The OS provides security mechanisms to protect data and resources, managing user authentication, permissions, and data encryption.
• User Interface (UI): It provides a way for users to interact with the computer, typically through a graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI).

            (5 x 2= 10 Marks)

 

Section C

Answer any 1, 10 marks.

9. Types of Computers:

Computers can be classified based on their size, speed, and power. Here are the main types:

1. Supercomputer

• Definition: Supercomputers are the most powerful and fastest computers, capable of processing trillions of calculations per second.
• Use: Typically used for scientific research, weather forecasting, space exploration, quantum mechanics, and cryptography.
• Example: Summit, Fugaku.

2. Mainframe Computer

• Definition: Mainframes are large, powerful systems that can handle and process very large amounts of data and support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
• Use: Commonly used in industries like banking, insurance, and government for large-scale transaction processing.
• Example: IBM zSeries.

3. Minicomputer (Midrange Computer)

• Definition: Mid-sized computers that are more powerful than personal computers but less powerful than mainframes.
• Use: Often used by small businesses or departments in large companies for tasks like database management and scientific computing.
• Example: IBM AS/400.

4. Microcomputer (Personal Computer)

• Definition: Also known as a personal computer (PC), these are the most common types of computers designed for individual use.
• Use: Used for everyday tasks like word processing, browsing the internet, and gaming.
• Example: Desktop, laptop, tablets, and smartphones.

5. Embedded Computer

• Definition: A specialized computer system that is part of a larger device and is designed to perform a specific function.
• Use: Found in devices like cars, medical devices, washing machines, and smart TVs.
• Example: Raspberry Pi (for some embedded applications), microcontrollers in IoT devices.

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10. Types of Networks:

Networks are categorized based on their size, range, and architecture. The most common types are:

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

• Definition: A small network used for communication between devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets, typically within a few meters.
• Range: Up to 10 meters.
• Example: Bluetooth, USB.

2. Local Area Network (LAN)

• Definition: A network that connects computers and devices within a small geographic area, like a home, school, or office.
• Range: Typically covers a few kilometers.
• Use: File sharing, printers, and internet access within buildings.
• Example: Ethernet, Wi-Fi networks.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• Definition: A network that spans a city or a large campus.
• Range: Covers up to 50 kilometers.
• Use: Connecting multiple LANs within a region, often owned and operated by a single entity like a city government or a large organization.
• Example: Cable TV networks.

4. Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Definition: A network that spans a large geographical area, such as a country or continent.
• Range: Can cover thousands of kilometers.
• Use: Connecting smaller networks (LANs or MANs) over long distances. The internet is the largest example of a WAN.
• Example: Internet, private corporate networks.

5. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

• Definition: Similar to a LAN but uses wireless technology like Wi-Fi to connect devices without cables.
• Range: Varies but generally up to 100 meters.
• Use: Often used in homes, offices, and public spaces like airports for wireless communication.
• Example: Wi-Fi.

6. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

• Definition: A private network that allows users to send and receive data as if their devices were connected to a private network, even though they are using public networks like the internet.
• Use: Enhancing security and privacy, remote access to organizational networks.
• Example: Corporate VPNs, personal VPN service

 

 

                                                                                          (10 x 1 =10 Marks)